Resource: Bibliography on Gender-Based Violence

by Michael Bear

category: Humanitarian Relief

Published October 14, 2008 @ 08:24PM PT

After a while, almost anything can begin to seem routine. Yet there remain some experiences you can't assimilate, much less forget. At least there are some experiences I can't forget - especially discussions with rape survivors in eastern Congo. Everyone dressed in their Sunday best, describing the most horrific things imaginable. (For a description of the project, click here.)

Which might be one reason I can't stop thinking about Omar Bashir's recent comments. A friend recently sent me a wonderful resource - a comprehensive bibliography of reports, toolkits, guidelines, and other resources on gender-based violence (GBV), including information on prevention and response.

The bibliography, compiled by the UN Population Fund (UNFPA), is below.

(Another useful resource is the UNIFEM campaign Say No to Violence Against Women.)

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Bibliography on GBV

Abrahams, Naeemah, Rachel Jewkes, Margaret Hoffman and Ria Laubsher. “Sexual violence against intimate partners in Cape Town: prevalence and risk factors reported by men.” Bulletin of the World Health Organization 82(5), 2004.

American Refugee Committee International. “Gender-Based Violence Legal Aid: A Participatory Took Kit.” Gender-Based Violence in Conflict-Affected Settings. Minneapolis, MN: ARC International, 2005.

Amnesty International. 2004a. Burundi: Rape-the hidden human rights abuse.

Amnesty International. 2004b. Lives blown apart: Crimes against women in times of conflict. London: Amnesty International Publications.

Amnesty International. 2004c. Democratic Republic of Congo Mass rape: Time for remedies.

Amowitz, L. et al. “Prevalence of War-Related Sexual Violence and Other Human Rights Abuses Among Internally Displaced Persons in Sierra Leone.” JAMA, Vol. 287:4, 2002.

Armstrong, A. “Culture and Choice: Lessons from Survivors of Gender Violence in Zimbabwe”. Harare, Zimbabwe: Violence Against Women in Zimbabwe Research Project, 1998.

Barker, Gary and Christine Ricardo. “Young Men and the Construction of Masculinity in Sub-Saharan Africa: Implications for HIV/AIDS, Conflict and Violence.” Social Development Papers, Conflict Prevention and Reconstruction. Paper No. 26. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2005.

Becker, Heike. “The Least Sexist Society? Perspectives on Gender, Change and Violence among southern African San.” Journal of Southern African Studies 29(1): 5–23, 2003.

Benninger-Budel, Carin. Rights of the Child in South Africa: Violence Against Girls in South Africa. Geneva: World Organisation Against Torture (OMCT), 2000.

Bodiang, Claudia Kessler. “Addressing Female Genital Mutilation: Challenges and Perspectives for Health Programs.” GTZ: Eschborn, 2003.

Bollen, Sandra, Lillian Artz, Lisa Vetten, and Antoinette Louw. “Violence against women in metropolitan South Africa: a study on impact and service delivery.” Pretoria: Institute for Security Studies, 1999.

Bott, Sarah, Andrew Morrison and Mary Ellsberg. Preventing and Responding to Gender-Based Violence in Middle- and Low-Income Countries: a Global Review and Analysis. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 3618, 2005.

Bourke-Martignoni, Joanna. “Violence Against Women in Zambia: Report Prepared for the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women.” World Organization Against Torture (OMCT), 2002.

Bureau for Global Health. “Bureau for Global Health Strategy for Female Genital Cutting (FGC/M).” Washington, DC: United States Agency for International Development, 2004.

B-Patrol Reference Card, 2004.

Carrillo, Roxanna, et. al. “Not a Minute More: Ending Violence Against Women.” New York: United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM), 2003.

CEDPA. “Egypt’s Female Genital Mutilation Abandonment Program, M&E Findings for Three Governorates: Alexandria, Assiut, Qena.” Washington, DC: CEDPA, 2004.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). “Costs of intimate partner violence against women in the United States.” Atlanta, GA: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, 2003.

Center for Health and Gender Equality, and Population Information Program.“Population Reports: Ending Violence Against Women.” Baltimore, Maryland: Population Information Program, Johns Hopkins University, Volume XXVII Number 4, December 1999.

Center for Women's Global Leadership. Gender Violence and Women's Human Rights in Africa. New Brunswick, N.J.: The Center, 1994.

Chege, Jane, Ian Askew, and Jennifer Liku. “An Assessment of the Alternative Rites Approach for Encouraging Abandonment of FGC/M in Kenya.” Washington, DC: Population Council, 2001.

Chuulu, Matrine Bbuku. “Gender violence: the invisible struggle : responses to the justice delivery system in Zambia.” Lusaka, Zambia: Women and Law in Southern Africa Trust; ISBN: 9982250035. 2001.

Committee on Women’s Rights and Gender Equality. “Report on the situation of women in armed conflicts and their role in the reconstruction and democratic process in post-conflict countries.” European Parliament, March 2006.

Counts, Dorothy Ayers, Judith Brown, and Jacqueline Campbell. To Have and to Hit: Cultural Perspectives on Wife-Beating. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1999.

Csete, Joanne. Human Rights Watch. 2002. “The War within the War: Sexual Violence Against Women and Girls in Eastern Congo.” http://www.hrw.org/reports/2002/drc/.

Dangor Z, LA Hoff, and R. Scott. Woman abuse in South Africa: an exploratory study. VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN. 1998 Apr;4(2):125-52.

Davies, Caitlin. Botswana: Police Face Rising Tide of Crime Against Women. Interpress Service, 2000.

Dreyer, Abigail, Julia Kim, and Nikki Schaay. “What Do We Want to Tell Our Children About Violence Against Women? Evaluation Report for the Project Developing a Model ‘Gender and Conflict’ Component of the Primary School Curriculum.” South Africa: School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, 2001.

Drezin, Jenny, ed. “Picturing a Life Free of Violence: Media and Communications Strategies to End Violence Against Women.” UNIFEM.

Dunkle, Kristin L., et. al. “Gender-based violence, relationship power, and risk of HIV infection in women attending antenatal clinics in South Africa.” The Lancet, Vol. 363, 1 May 2004.

Dunkle, Kristin, Rachel Jewkes, Heather Brown, Glenda Gray, James A. McIntryre, Sioban D. Harlow. 2004. “Prevalence and Patterns of Gender-based Violence and Revictimization among Women Attending Antenatal Clinics in Soweto, South Africa.” American Journal of Epidemiology. 160(3): 230–239.

Durham, Helen and Tracey Gurd, ed. Listening to the Silences: Women and War. Leiden, The Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff, 2005.

El-Bushra, Judy and Ibrahim, Sahl. Cycles of Violence, Gender Relations, and Armed Conflict. Nairobi, Kenya: Agency for Cooperation and Research in Development (Accord) Publications, 2005.

Eltigani, A and M.Khaled. 1999. “State violence against women: a current perspective from the Sudan.” Resources for Feminist Research. Winter; 26(3–4): 221–5.

EngenderHealth. 2002. “The Men as Partners Program in South Africa: Reaching Men to End Gender-Based Violence and Promote HIV/STI Prevention.” A Men as Partners briefing paper. New York: EngenderHealth.

Garcia-Moreno, C. and C. Watts. 2000. Violence against women: Its importance for HIV/AIDS prevention. AIDS 24(3): S253–S265.

The Gender-Based Violence Global Technical Support Project. “Checklist for Action: Prevention and Response to Gender-Based Violence in Displaced Settings, Adapted from a checklist developed by UNHCR, Geneva, 2003.” Arlington, Virginia: RHRC Consortium/JSI Research & Training Institute, June 2003.

The Gender-Based Violence Global Technical Support Project. “Gender-Based Violence in Populations Affected by Armed Conflict.” Arlington, Virginia: RHRC Consortium/JSI Research & Training Institute.

The Gender-Based Violence Global Technical Support Project. “Synopsis, Sexual and Gender-Based Violence Against Refugees, Returnees, and Internally Displaced Persons: Guidelines for Prevention and Response (UNHCR: May 2003).” Arlington, Virginia: RHRC Consortium/JSI Research & Training Institute, June 2004.

Gingerich, Tara and Jennifer Leaning. “The Use of Rape as a Weapon of War in the Conflict of Darfur, Sudan.” Boston MA: Harvard University School of Public Health, Program on Humanitarian Crises and Human Rights; François-Xavier Bagnoud Center for Health and Human Rights, 2004.

Go, Vivian F., et. al. “When HIV Prevention Messages and Gender Norms Clash: The Impact of Domestic Violence on Women’s HIV Risk in Slums of Chennai, India.” AIDS and Behavior, Vol. 7, No. 3. Plenum Publishing Corporation, September 2003.

Guedes, Alessandra. 2004. Addressing gender-based violence from the reproductive health/HIV sector: a literature review and analysis. Washington, DC: The Population Technical Assistance Project.

Harvey, Corey, and Beth Vann. “Workshop Report, Enhancing Protection from Gender-Based Conflict in Populations Affected by Armed Conflict.” Washington DC: GBV Global Technical Support Project, JSI Research & Training Institute and RHRC Consortium, January 2005.

Heise, Lori. 1998. “Violence Against Women: an Integrated Ecological Framework.” Violence Against Women 4(3): 262–290.

Heise, Lori, Mary Ellsberg, and Megan Gottemoeller. 1999. “Ending Violence Against Women.” Population Reports XXVII, Number 4, Series L, Number 11.

Human Rights Watch. Scared at School: Sexual Violence Against Girls in South African Schools. New York: Human Rights Watch, 2001.

Human Rights Watch. “Sexual Violence and its Consequences among Displaced Persons in Darfur and Chad.” Human Rights Watch Briefing Paper, 12 April 2005.

Human Rights Watch/Africa. “Shattered lives: sexual violence during the Rwandan genocide and its aftermath.” Violence & Abuse Abstracts 5(1), 1999.

Human Rights Watch. South Africa: Violence Against Women and the Medico-Legal System. New York: Human Rights Watch, 1997.

Hynes, Michelle, and Barbara Lopes Cardozo. 2000. “Observations from the CDC: Sexual Violence against Refugee Women.” Journal of Women's Health & Gender-Based Medicine 9(8): 819-823

Hynes, M., K. Robertson, J. Ward, and C. Crouse. A Determination of the Prevalence of Gender-based Violence among Conflict-affected Populations in East Timor. Disasters, Vol. 28:3, 2004.

“Implementation Guidelines for the Field.” Secretary General’s Bulletin for Special Measures for the Protection from Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse, ST/SGB/2003/13.

Inter-agency Standing Committee. “Guidelines for Gender-Based Violence Interventions in Humanitarian Settings: Focusing on Prevention of and Response to Sexual Violence in Emergencies (Field Test Version).” Geneva: IASC, 2005.

Inter-agency Standing Committee Task Force on Protection from Sexual Exploitation and Abuse. “Model Information Sheet for Local Communities – Special Measures for Protection from Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse.”

Inter-agency Standing Committee Task Force on Protection from Sexual Exploitation and Abuse. “Scenarios covering prohibited acts of Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse for the various categories of United Nations personnel.”

Inter-agency Standing Committee Task Force on Protection from Sexual Exploitation and Abuse. “Terms of Reference for in-country Focal Points on Sexual Exploitation and Abuse.”

International Alert Women’s Peace Programme. “Women’s Bodies as a Battleground: Sexual Violence Against Women and Girls During the War in the Democratic Republic of Congo.” International Alert, 2005.

International Rescue Committee. Final Report: Sexual Gender-Based Violence Program, Rwanda. Nairobi, Kenya: USAID, 2004.

“An Introduction to Domestic Violence: An Introductory Lesson Plan for Police and Community Partners.”

Jacobson, Agneta. “Security on Whose Terms? If men and women were equal.” Stockholm, Sweden: Kvinna till Kvinna, 2005.

Jacobs, Tanya, and Rachel Jewkes. 2001. “Vezimfilho: A Model for Health Sector Response to Gender Violence in South Africa.” International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 78(Supplement No 1): S51-S56.

Jennings, PJ., and S, Swiss. “Statistical Information on Violence Against Women During the Liberian Civil War.” In Statistics, Development, and Human Rights: Proceedings of the International Association of Official Statistics, Montreux, Switzerland, 2000.

Kim, Julia and Mmatshilo Motsei. 2002. “ ‘Women Enjoy Punishment’: Attitudes and Experiences of Gender-Based Violence Among PHC Nurses in Rural South Africa.” Social Science & Medicine. 54(8):1243.

Leach, Fiona. 2002. “School-Based Gender Violence in Africa: a Risk to Adolescent Sexual Health.” Perspectives in Education 20(2): 99-112.

Levi, R. 1998. “South Africa: Peace Starts at Home.” In Ending Violence Against Women: Report from the Global Frontlines.” Edited by L. Marin, H. Zia, and E. Soler. San Francisco: Family Violence Prevention Fund.

Lindsey-Curtet, Charlotte, Florence Tercier Holst-Roness, and Letitia Anderson. “Addressing the Needs of Women Affected by Armed Conflict.” Geneva: International Committee of the Red Cross, March 2004.

Mabuwa, Rumbi. Seeking protection: addressing sexual and domestic violence in Tanzania's refugee camps. New York: Human Rights Watch.

McGinn, T., S. Casey, S. Purdin and M. Marsh. “RH for Conflict-affected People: Policies, Research and Programs.” Humanitarian Practice Network Paper, Number 45, 2004.

Medica Mondiale. “Violence against women in war: Handbook for professionals working with traumatised women.” Mabuse, Verlag: Suchergebnisse, 2005.

Michau, L.S., D. Naker, and Z. Swalehe. 2002. Mobilizing communities to end violence against women in Tanzania.” Pp. 415-33 in Responding to Cairo. Case studies of changing practice in reproductive health and family planning, edited by Nicole Haberland, Diana Measham. New York: Population Council.

Michau, Lori and Dipak Naker, Eds. Preventing Gender-based Violence in the Horn, East and Southern Africa: A Regional Dialogue. Raising voices and UN-Habitat Safer Cities Programme, 2004.

“Minimum Initial Service Package (MISP) Fact Sheet.” New York: Women’s Commission for Refugee Women and Children, January 2003.

“Model Complaints Referral Form (Sexual Exploitation and Abuse).”Moffett, Helen. 2001. Entering the Labyrinth: Coming to Grips With Gender War Zones:

The Case of South Africa. United Nations International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women (INSTRAW).

Morrison, Andrew, and María Beatriz Orlando. 2005. “The costs and impacts of gender-based violence in developing countries: Methodological considerations and new evidence”. Working Paper Series. Washington, DC: World Bank.

Njovana, Eunice and Charlotte Watts. 1996. “Gender Violence in Zimbabwe: A Need for Collaborative Action [Part 2 of 2].” Reproductive Health Matters. 7: 49-53.

OCHA/IRIN. Broken Bodies, Broken Dreams. Kenya: OCHA/IRIN, November 2005.

Okot, Akumu Christine, Amony Isabella and Otim Gerald. 2005. Suffering in Silence: A Study of Sexual and Gender Based Violence (SGBV) In Pabbo Camp, Gulu District, Northern Uganda. UNICEF: District Sub-Working Group on SGBV.

Omaar R, A. de Waal. 1994. “Crimes Without Punishment: Sexual Harassment and Violence Against Female Students in Schools and Universities in Africa.” African Rights Discussion Paper, No. 4.

Physicians for Human Rights. War- related Sexual Violence in Sierra Leone. Boston, MA: Physicians for Human Rights, 2005.

Peacekeeping Best Practices Unit. “Gender Resource Package for Peacekeeping Operations.” New York: United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO), July 2004.

Population Reference Bureau (PRB). 2005. Abandoning Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting: Information From Around the World. Washington, DC: PRB.

Raven-Roberts, A. 1996. Women and Violence in Complex Emergencies: Some Issues and Implications of the Gender Dimension of Response to Humanitarian Crises.

“Refugees and AIDS: What should the humanitarian community do?” Women’s Commission for Refugee Women and Children, January 2002.

Reproductive Health for Refugees Consortium. “Moving from Emergency Response to Comprehensive Reproductive Health Programs: A Modular Training Series.” Washington, DC: Cooperative for Relief and Assistance Everywhere, Inc. (CARE), 2002.

Reproductive Health for Refugees Consortium. “Raising Awareness for Reproductive Health in Complex Emergencies: A Training Manual.” Washington, DC: Cooperative for Relief and Assistance Everywhere, Inc. (CARE), 2002.

Reproductive Health Response in Conflict Consortium (RHRC Consortium). “Global Decade Report: Refugees and Reproductive Health Care.” Marie Stopes International, 2003.

Reproductive Health Response in Conflict Consortium (RHRC Consortium). “Small Grants; Large Gains.” JSI Research and Training Institute, August 2002.

Rude, Darlene. 1999. “Reasonable Men and Provocative Women: an Analysis of Gendered Domestic Homicide in Zambia.” Journal of Southern African Studies 25(1): 7-27.

Scheepers, Esca. 2001. “Impact Evaluation - Violence Against Women” Soul City 4 Volume I. Available at: www.soulcity.org.za/downloads/SC4%20VAW%20Volume%201.pdf

Secretary General’s Bulletin, 9 October 2003, ST/SGB/2003/13.

“Survey of Sexual Violence in Burundi – Conducted with the displaced population and repatriated residents of Rumonge, Nyanza-Lac, Kayogoro, Burambi, Buyengero, Buckeye and Ruhororo.” Funded by the Government of Norway.

Technical Support Division, Culture, Gender and Human Rights Branch. "Enlisting the Armed Forces to Project Reproductive Health and Rights: Lessons Learned From Nine Countries.". New York: UNFPA, 2003.

UNFPA/VPU. “Rights of Women and Law Enforcement – Draft Lesson Plan.”

UNHCR. “How To Guide: Reproductive Health in Refugee Situations, A Community-Based Response on Sexual Violence Against Women.” Ngara, Tanzania: UNHCR, January 1997.

UNHCR. “How To Guide: Reproductive Health in Refugee Situations, Building a Team Approach to the Prevention and Response to Sexual Violence, Report of a Technical Mission.” Kigoma, Tanzania: UNHCR, 1998.

UNHCR. “How To Guide: Reproductive Health in Refugee Situations, From Awareness to Action, Pilot Project To Eradicate Female Genital Mutilation.” Hartisheikh, Ethiopia: UNHCR, December 1997.

UNHCR. “How To Guide: Reproductive Health in Refugee Situations, Sexual and Gender-based Violence Programme in Guinea.” UNHCR, January 2001.

UNHCR. “How To Guide: Reproductive Health in Refugee Situations, Sexual and Gender-based Violence Programme in Liberia.” UNHCR, January 2001.

UNHCR. “Prevention and Response to Sexual and Gender-Based Violence in Refugee Situations – Inter-agency Lessons Learned Conference Proceedings.” Geneva, Switzerland: UNHCR, 2001.

UNHCR. Sexual and GBV Against Refugees, Returnees and Internally Displaced Persons: Guidelines for Prevention and Response. Geneva: UNHCR, 2003.

UNICEF, International Rescue Committee, Christian Children’s Fund, Legal Aid Project. Protected Yet Insecure: A Situation Analysis On Gender-Based Violence in the Conflict-Affected Regions of Acholiland, Teso and Lango. New York: UNICEF, 2004.

United Nations General Assembly. 1993. “Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women.” Geneva: UN Special Assembly, resolution 48/104 of 20 December 1993.

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. “Sexual and Gender-Based Violence against Refugees, Returnees, and Internally Displaced Persons – Guidelines for Prevention and Response.” UNHCR, May 2003.

United Nations Population Fund. “A Practical Approach to Gender-Based Violence: A Programme Guide for Health Care Providers and Managers.” New York: UNFPA, 2001.

United Nations Population Fund. “Sexual Violence Prevention and Response for Women, Adolescents and Children in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.”

University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Carolina Population Center [CPC], MEASURE Evaluation; Tulane University School of Public Health and International Medicine; Sechaba Consultants; CARE. 2004. Sexual Violence Against Women in Lesotho. New Orleans, Louisiana: Tulane University, MEASURE Evaluation.

USAID/Rwanda Democracy and Governance SO1 Team. 2004. “Gender Success Story: Fiscal Year 2003.” International Rescue Committee: Victims of Torture, Sexual Gender-Based Violence Activity (IRC/SGBV).

Usdin, S., E. Scheepers, Susan Goldstein and Garth Japhet. “Achieving social change on gender-based violence: A report on the impact evaluation of Soul City's fourth series Social Science & Medicine.” In Press, Corrected Proof, Available online 11 July 2005.

Vann, Beth. “Gender-Based Violence: Emerging Issues in Programs Serving Displaced Populations.” Arlington, Virginia: GBV Global Technical Support Project, JSI Research & Training Institute and The Reproductive Health for Refugees Consortium, September 2002.

Vann, Beth. “Training Manual, Facilitator’s Guide – Interagency & Multisectoral Prevention and Response to Gender-based Violence in Populations Affected by Armed Conflict.” Arlington, Virginia: GBV Global Technical Support Project, JSI Research & Training Institute and RHRC Consortium, 2004.

Velzeboer, Marijke. Violence Against Women: The Health Sector Responds. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization, 2003.

Vlachová, Marie, and Lea Biason, ed. Women in an Insecure World – Violence against Women, Facts, Figures and Analysis. Geneva, Switzerland: Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, 2005.

Vulnerable Persons Unit of East Timor Police Service, Office of Promotion of Equality, and UNFPA. “Training of Trainers: Police Basic Training on Domestic Violence – Strengthening Response Capacity to Gender Based Violence.” July/August 2002.

Ward, Jeanne. 'Because Now Men are Really Sitting on our Heads and Pressing us Down…' Report of a Preliminary Assessment of Gender-based Violence in Rumbek, Aweils (East and West), and Rashad County, Nuba Mountains. Washington, DC: USAID and USDA, 2005.

Ward, Jeanne. “If Not Now, When? Addressing Gender-based Violence in Refugee, Internally Displaced, and Post Conflict Settings: A Global Overview.” New York: The Reproductive Health for Refugees Consortium, April 2002.

Ward, J., and J, Brewer. "Gender-based Violence in Conflict-Affected Settings: Overview of a Multi-Country Research Project." Forced Migration Review, 19, 2004.

Women’s Commission for Refugee Women and Children. “Beyond Firewood: Fuel Alternatives and Protection Strategies for Displaced Women and Girls.” New York: Women’s Commission, March 2006.

Women’s Commission for Refugee Women and Children. “Caught in the Crossfire: Displaced Colombians at Risk of Trafficking.” New York: Women’s Commission, March 2006..

Women’s Commission for Refugee Women and Children. “Displaced Women and Girls at Risk: Risk Factors, Protection Solutions and Resource Tools.” New York: Women’s Commission, February 2006.

Women’s Commission for Refugee Women and Children. “Emergency Contraception for Conflict-Affected Settings: A Distance Learning Module.” RHRC Consortium, 2004.

Women’s Commission for Refugee Women and Children. “Emergency Obstetric Care: Critical Need among Populations Affected by Conflict.” New York: RHRC Consortium, March 2004.

Women’s Commission for Refugee Women and Children. “Finding Trees in the Desert: Firewood collection and alternatives in Darfur.” New York: Women’s Commission, March 2006..

Women’s Commission for Refugee Women and Children. “Gender-Based Violence Tools Manual – For Assessment & Program Design, Monitoring & Evaluation in conflict-affected settings.” New York: RHRC Consortium, February 2004.

Women’s Commission for Refugee Women and Children. “Masculinities: Male Roles and Male Involvement in the Promotion of Gender Equality – A Resource Packet.” New York: Women’s Commission, September 2005.

Women’s Commission for Refugee Women and Children. “The Perils of Direct Provision: UNHCR’s response to the fuel needs of Bhutanese refugees in Nepal.” New York: Women’s Commission, March 2006.

Women’s Commission for Refugee Women and Children. “Progress, Gaps, and Challenges Ahead: Inter-agency Global Evaluation of Reporoductive Health for Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons.” RHRC Consortium, November 2004.

Women’s Commission for Refugee Women and Children. “Renewing International Commitment to Reproductive Health for Conflict-Affected Populations.” New York: RHRC Consortium, October 2003.

Women’s Commission for Refugee Women and Children. “The Struggle Between Migration Control and Victim Protection: The UK Approach to Human Trafficking.” New York: Women’s Commission, July 2005.

“Work with Young Refugees to Ensure Their Reproductive Health and Well-being: It’s Their Right and Our Duty.” Women’s Commission for Refugee Women and Children, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, 2001.

World Health Organization. Female Genital Mutilation. Programmes to Date: What Works and What Doesn’t. A Review. Geneva: Department of Women’s Health, WHO, 1999.

World Health Organization. “Guidelines for medico-legal care for victims of sexual violence.” Geneva, Switzerland: WHO, 2003.

World Health Organization. 2005b. WHO Multi-country Study on Women’s Health and Domestic Violence against Women. Geneva: WHO.

World Health Organization and United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. “Clinical Management of Rape Survivors: Developing protocols for use with refugees and internally displaced persons – revised edition.” Geneva: WHO/UNHCR, 2004.

World Organisation Against Torture. The World Organisation Against Torture (OMCT) Expresses its Concern Regarding Violence Against Girls in Eritrea at the 33rd Session of the Committee on the Rights of the Child. Geneva: OMCT, 2003.

Ziebell, Stephanie. “Fuel Provision and Gender-Based Violence: Fuel-efficiency as a prevention strategy – a desk review undertaken for UNIFEM Governance, Peace, and Security.” UNIFEM, July 2005.

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